Japanese Giving and Receiving Verbs

English has give and receive. Japanese has three verbs, and which one you pick depends on who benefits.

Language Reference · By Aiko Tanaka · Updated Jun 22, 2026

This is one of the spots where Japanese is pickier than English. The language tracks the direction a thing moves and whose side the speaker is on, and it picks a different verb for each case.

The three verbs

あげる (ageru): give, outward

Something moves from the speaker, or the speaker's side, toward someone else. 友達に本をあげた (I gave my friend a book).

くれる (kureru): give, inward

Someone gives something to the speaker or the speaker's side. 友達が本をくれた (my friend gave me a book).

もらう (morau): receive

The speaker, or their side, receives. 友達に本をもらった (I received a book from my friend).

Why English speakers slip

English uses "give" for both あげる and くれる. The difference is direction relative to the speaker. If the book ends up with you, it is くれる or もらう, never あげる. Saying 友達が本をあげた to mean "my friend gave me a book" is wrong, even though the English sentence uses "give".


watashi ga tomodachi ni ageru, I give to a friend (outward)

tomodachi ga watashi ni kureru, a friend gives to me (inward)

Polite versions

Each verb has a respectful form for talking up or down the social ladder: さしあげる (humbly give to a superior), くださる (a superior gives to you), and いただく (humbly receive). These tie into the wider politeness system in our keigo guide.

Machine translation often flattens all three into plain "give" or "receive", losing who did a favour for whom. In Japanese the choice of verb is itself a social signal, not just a fact about the action.
AT
Aiko Tanaka
Japanese-English translator & editor, Meguro English

Aiko has worked as a freelance Japanese-English translator since 2011, focusing on conversational and business texts. She grew up bilingual in Tokyo's Meguro district and reviews every Japanese-language guide on this site. How we write and review.

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