Kanji Readings: On'yomi vs Kun'yomi

A single kanji can be read several ways. The reading depends on the company it keeps.

Language Reference · By Aiko Tanaka · Updated Jun 22, 2026

The hardest part of kanji for many learners is not writing them, it is that one character can have two, three, or more readings. There is a logic to it.

Two sources

When Japan adopted Chinese characters, it kept both an approximation of the Chinese sound and the existing Japanese word for the same idea.

On'yomi (the Chinese reading)

Used mostly in compound words built from two or more kanji. 学校 (gakkou, school) uses the on reading of each character.

Kun'yomi (the Japanese reading)

Used when the kanji stands alone or with hiragana endings. 学ぶ (manabu, to learn) uses the kun reading of the same character.

One character, two readings


yama, a mountain (kun reading)

Fujisan, Mount Fuji (san, the on reading)

hito, a person (kun)

sannin, three people (nin, the on reading)

The rough rule

A kanji on its own, or followed by hiragana, usually takes the kun reading. A kanji glued to another kanji in a compound usually takes the on reading. It is a tendency, not a law, and names break it constantly, which is why even Japanese readers sometimes ask how a name is pronounced.

Because the correct reading depends on context, text-to-speech and romanization tools guess, and they guess wrong on names and rare compounds. If pronunciation matters, check it rather than trusting an automatic reading.

Furigana to the rescue

Small kana printed above a kanji, called furigana, spell out the reading. You will see them in children's books, manga, and anywhere a reading is not obvious. They are the most reliable way to learn how a specific word is actually read.

AT
Aiko Tanaka
Japanese-English translator & editor, Meguro English

Aiko has worked as a freelance Japanese-English translator since 2011, focusing on conversational and business texts. She grew up bilingual in Tokyo's Meguro district and reviews every Japanese-language guide on this site. How we write and review.

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