Japanese Adjectives: i vs na

Japanese has two kinds of adjectives that behave differently. Mix them up and the grammar breaks.

Language Reference · By Aiko Tanaka · Updated Jun 22, 2026

Japanese adjectives split into two types, and they conjugate in completely different ways. The label comes from how they attach to a noun.

i-adjectives

These end in い and conjugate by themselves, no helper word needed. 高い (takai, expensive or tall) attaches straight to a noun: 高い本 (takai hon, an expensive book).


takai to takakunai, not expensive

takai to takakatta, was expensive

na-adjectives

These need な to attach to a noun and use です or だった for tense. 静か (shizuka, quiet) becomes 静かな部屋 (shizuka na heya, a quiet room).


shizuka na heya, a quiet room

shizuka ja nai, not quiet

The trap

Some na-adjectives end in い and look like i-adjectives. They are not. The common ones to memorise are きれい (kirei, pretty or clean), 嫌い (kirai, disliked), and 有名 (yuumei, famous). きれい takes な: きれいな花 (kirei na hana, a pretty flower), never きれい花.

A translator that treats きれい as an i-adjective will produce broken Japanese like きれくない instead of きれいじゃない. This is one of the most common errors in beginner output, human and machine alike.

Quick test

Put the word in front of a noun. If it connects directly, it is an i-adjective. If it needs な, it is a na-adjective. The two exceptions above are worth drilling until they are automatic.

AT
Aiko Tanaka
Japanese-English translator & editor, Meguro English

Aiko has worked as a freelance Japanese-English translator since 2011, focusing on conversational and business texts. She grew up bilingual in Tokyo's Meguro district and reviews every Japanese-language guide on this site. How we write and review.

Test one of these examples in the translator and see how it comes out.

Open the Translator

Sitemap

View XML Sitemap

Main

Resources

Translation Articles

More on Translation

Legal