Japanese Verb Conjugation Basics

Japanese verbs do not change for I, you, or she. They change for tense, politeness, and mood. Here is the starting map.

Language Reference · By Aiko Tanaka · Updated Jun 22, 2026

One piece of good news for English speakers: Japanese verbs do not change based on who does the action. "I eat", "she eats", and "they eat" all use the same verb. What changes instead is tense, politeness, and mood.

The three groups

Every verb falls into one of three groups, and the group decides how it conjugates.

Group 1: godan (u-verbs)

The largest group. The stem changes sound before an ending. 飲む (nomu, to drink) becomes 飲みます (nomimasu).

Group 2: ichidan (ru-verbs)

Verbs ending in -iru or -eru that simply drop る. 食べる (taberu, to eat) becomes 食べます (tabemasu).

Group 3: irregular

Only two real members: する (suru, to do) and 来る (kuru, to come). You memorise these.

Dictionary form and polite form

The form you find in a dictionary is the plain present. The -masu form is the polite present you use with strangers and at work.


taberu to tabemasu, to eat

nomu to nomimasu, to drink

suru to shimasu, to do

Past and negative

From the polite form, past and negative are regular. 食べます becomes 食べました (tabemashita, ate) and 食べません (tabemasen, do not eat). The plain forms are 食べた (tabeta) and 食べない (tabenai).

Because the verb sits at the end and carries tense, politeness, and negation all at once, a machine translator that mishandles the ending can flip a sentence from "I ate" to "I will not eat". Always read the verb ending carefully.

Where to go next

Once the -masu form is comfortable, the te-form is the next thing to learn, since it unlocks requests, the continuous tense, and connecting actions. The te-form guide covers it.

AT
Aiko Tanaka
Japanese-English translator & editor, Meguro English

Aiko has worked as a freelance Japanese-English translator since 2011, focusing on conversational and business texts. She grew up bilingual in Tokyo's Meguro district and reviews every Japanese-language guide on this site. How we write and review.

Test one of these examples in the translator and see how it comes out.

Open the Translator

Sitemap

View XML Sitemap

Main

Resources

Translation Articles

More on Translation

Legal