Japanese Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs

Japanese often has two verbs where English has one. One acts on an object, the other describes something happening on its own.

Language Reference · By Aiko Tanaka · Updated Jun 22, 2026

English uses the same word in "I open the door" and "the door opens". Japanese usually uses two different verbs, and choosing the wrong one changes which particle you need.

A paired example


doa wo akeru, I open the door (transitive, takes を)

doa ga aku, the door opens (intransitive, takes が)

開ける (akeru) means someone opens something. 開く (aku) means something opens by itself or simply is in the state of opening. The transitive verb takes a direct object marked with を. The intransitive one takes が and has no object.

More common pairs


hajimeru, to start something / hajimaru, something starts

shimeru, to close something / shimaru, something closes

tsukeru, to turn on / tsuku, to come on

Why it matters

The pair you choose shapes the whole sentence. Use the transitive verb and the listener expects an actor and an object. Use the intransitive one and the event just happens, with no one blamed or credited. Japanese leans on intransitive verbs to describe results without pointing a finger, which is part of why translated-from-Japanese English can sound oddly passive.

A frequent learner error is pairing the transitive verb with が or the intransitive verb with を. If your verb has an actor doing something to an object, reach for the transitive member of the pair and mark the object with を.

Learning them

There is no perfect rule for guessing which form is which from spelling, so most learners memorise the pairs together. Seeing them side by side, as above, makes the pattern stick faster than meeting them one at a time.

AT
Aiko Tanaka
Japanese-English translator & editor, Meguro English

Aiko has worked as a freelance Japanese-English translator since 2011, focusing on conversational and business texts. She grew up bilingual in Tokyo's Meguro district and reviews every Japanese-language guide on this site. How we write and review.

Test one of these examples in the translator and see how it comes out.

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